Medieval Manuscripts And Modern Media

The history of written literature is long and fascinating; in Medieval times, manuscripts were made in a laborious and expensive process of using animal skins for pages, feather quills for pens and colored inks to make exquisite bibles and other religious texts. The literary culture of medieval times was very different than today; since books were rare and literacy was low, texts were passed on orally through reading or memory (Mary Swan, 2003). Manuscripts were enormously expensive and the manuscript writers were accomplished artists and mostly monks who composed their work in the cloisters. A typical medieval manuscript began its life as a stretched and treated animal skin (parchment). Next, an outline was sketched then penned using a feather quill of the highest quality. The ink was made of metal gall (usually iron), or oxide, which was a mixture of tannic acids with coppers and thickened with gum Arabic. The main ingredient was oak apple, derived from the leaves and twigs of an oak tree (Diane Victoria Horn, 1997). This mixture of ink containing acids actually etched the parchment and the pigments of ink filled in the etchings and could be reapplied over time to keep the manuscript in pristine condition. Next, gold leaf was applied and burnished, followed by the copying of the text by scribes. The last to be added were the decorations and illustrations, which were elaborate. Finally, the book was bound, the parchments sewn by hand and covered with wood such as ash or beech or oak. The making of a manuscript could take anywhere between days (in the case of a professional scribe paid by the job) or years (in the case of monks, who had other obligations and penned books when duties were done). Because of the amount of time and care involved to make a manuscript, not to mention the employment of highly skilled artisans and scribes, manuscripts were prohibitively expensive to buy and were largely confined to church altars. Bibles were the most copied manuscripts, and eventually churches took a vested interest in teaching nobles and their children to read, using these manuscripts. The manuscripts bore no date of completion, nor the names of the men who made them (Horn). In medieval manuscript culture, originality of text was not the aim of the scribes as it is today with contemporary authors. The scribes simply made copies, embellishing them with the decorations and script of their culture and time (Swan). Unlike today, collections of books were unheard of in terms of the general populace. The churches protected the manuscripts, even as they are today, in museums, cathedrals and the Vatican. These priceless treasures bear the skill and devotion of craft and skill by those who made them. Looking at an original manuscript, one is awed by the care and level of expertise evident in the pages of elaborate decorations. We will now move forward in time to early mass production of books, which began in the 16th century when the codex replaced the roll and book printing and binding was transferred from churches and monasteries to universities and later commercial publishers (David Fernando, 2002). Where in medieval times manuscript bindings were lavishly decorated with ivory, precious gems and gold, subsequent books were leather-bound and decorated with stamp embossing and gold leaf. As book production increased, the use of cloth replaced that of parchment, and paper later replaced cloth. In modern times, bookbinding reflects the art and architecture of the time; books are still hand-bound and very expensive, requiring these editions to be safely stored to prevent damage. Many hand-made books are used as journals, with hand-bound blank pages contained within leather or decorated wood covers. In moving to the 21st century, we now find books readily available at a low cost. The current culture is attracted to books by author and genre, and a book begins as a decision by a publisher to print it. The use of digital technology to reproduce books gives them a rapid distribution and the artwork used is wide and varied depending upon the publisher’s decisions. An original manuscript is put through the process of editing and finishing. Stored electronically and ready to be printed, in a method called offset printing. Today’s books require a certain amount of care and proofreading before going to print, and in stark contrast to manuscripts of old, texts are now fiercely protected under copyright laws and originality is imperative to sales. With the advent of digital texts, e-books, and paperback copies, books are largely taken for granted and handled carelessly without regard to craftsmanship. What was once revered as forbidden territory to be handled lovingly and carefully is now so much a part of everyday life that books are given away, sold to second-hand bookstores, discarded easily or donated to libraries and schools. As with many modern items, books have made the transition from belonging to the few to the many, and what was once reserved for serious study is now used for everything from learning to entertainment. References Ferdinando, David, â€Å"Book Binding Trade.† Ferdinando Family History Site. December 2002, 25 November 2005 http://www.ferdinando.org.uk/book_binding.htm#manuf%20today Horn, Diane Victoria. â€Å"Leaves Of Gold: How Medieval Manuscripts Were Made.† 2000 – 2002. Philadelphia Museum Of Art. 26 November 2005 Swan, Mary. University of Leeds. â€Å"Medieval Manuscript Culture.† The Literary Encyclopedia.   4 Sep. 2003. The Literary Dictionary Company.   27 November 2005. http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1324      

Recruitment and Selection Os a Sales and Marketing Manager

Company has around 15 Vacancies at any given time and 80% of new hires are leaving within probation period. Further he has recruited a former owner of a catering service in UK as the â€Å"Sales and Marketing Manager† of ABC Biscuit Company promising that Mr. Benjamin will bring at least 10 new foreign customers within the first 6 months, and Mr. Benjamin has not introduced any of customers to the company he has only given total cost of exceeding Rs. 250,000/= per month to the company. Possible alternatives were given like Do Post Mortems, Help the problematic employee to get back on track, Offer an internal transfer and Termination etc.This project report discusses the importance of good recruitment at technical and managerial levels and the implications that are encountered as a result of ad hoc recruitment processes. Recruitment is a responsibility of every manager in the Organization. The Project report is divided into five sections namely: Problem Identification; Right nu mber of people at right jobs at right times; Handling Mr. Benjamin’s situation; Conclusion; Recommended Recruitment and Selection Procedure for ABC Biscuit Company. 2. Problem Identification Managing people is a definite challenge both at strategic or even organizational levels.Thus, human resources are well managed and developed in alignment with the organizational goals and strategies. It has been observed that for any organization to achieve its stated objectives and goals there is the need for management to put in place policies or strategies that will help attract the best of employees to strive towards the achievement of organizational objectives. It has also been observed that the performance output of employees of ABC Biscuit Company is of prime concern to management of ABC Biscuit Company as it affects pproduactivity and the development of the company.Following are some major issues that have been found in ABC Biscuit Company; 2. 1 Poor HR Planning and Management An incompetent and poorly functioning human resources department reflects the overall state of affairs of an organization and its possible uncompetitive position in the marketplace. According to ABC Biscuit Company case study, company has around 15 vacancies at any given time which proof that company has bad HR planning. Bad HR planning ensures that the HR assets of the organization are not aligned to organizational goals and objectives. . 2 High turn over It has also been observed that the performance output of employees of ABC Biscuit Company is of prime concern to management of ABC Biscuit Company as it affects pproduactivity and the development of the bank. Importantly, some of the new employees who are not able to improve and adjust to their new working environment resign within first 6 months of their job leading to employee turnover of 80% and this affects the organization in terms of cost and pproduactivity. 2. 3 Finance manager handling all recruitmentsNot having a proper Huma n Resource Management is a disaster for any company. As we can see from ABC Biscuit Company, Higher Management has appointed Finance Manager (Mr. De Silva) to handle all recruitment of the company which is a wrong decision. When Finance manager perform multiple roles, according to case study give Mr. De Silva has to handle all recruitment apart from finance management, HR processes unlikely to become a priority unless a crisis occurs. Most of the employees whom he has recruited were his relatives and once who are known to him.Clearly we can understand that Mr. De Silva has lack of Human Resource Management knowledge. Without having a proper sound recruitment and selection procedure, he has simply recruited relatives and friends for his own personal benefits. 2. 4 Poor recruitment As a consequence of appointing Finance manager to handle all recruitments, Mr. De Silva has recruited Mr. Benjamin, former owner of a Catering Service in UK as the Sales and Marketing Manager of ABC Biscuit Company. This wrong decision has led to a massive issue for the company.There is no hiring strategy in ABC Biscuit Company, without a hiring strategy we unconsciously gravitate to hiring people who share our personality traits, which can lead to clash of personality and a division of expectations. 3. Right number of people at right jobs at right times Selecting the right person for the job has never been more important than it is today. Hiring the right people for the right positions at the right time is a key ingredient in creating a successful company. This is not easy to do, and most companies falter in this area.In order to ensure ABC Biscuit Company place right number of people at right jobs at right times following can be taken it to action; 3. 1 Build and nurture relationships with every business unit Managers and executives of ABC Biscuit Company need to be connected to other business units and departments so they know when activities in those areas of the business are like ly to create products.

Knowledge Questions for Unit Hsc 44

The account should focus on the actions of the candidate; it must include dates when activity took place. If responses to questionsare used then indicate this and attach the questionsWrite your account in here. As a candidate, make sure you describe and explain your actions.Knowledge Questions for Unit HSC Who draws up the Code of Practice for Social Care? The General Social Care Council. Outline features of systems used in Lincolnshire in respect of confidential reporting of issues of concern. The council has its own policy which helps to inform on bad practice, difficulties between staff members and complaints ect. This isthe ‘whistle blowing’ policy and it was designed in order to protect those wishing to make a complaint and to avoid such things as victimization. Although anonymous, complaints are still dealt with the same seriousness as named complaints although it is preferredthat applicants with complaints should not be anonymous. When the Children’s act 2004 was published it contained some major changes for the way in which services were to be delivered. Take one and explain in your own words the advantages this brings for the wellbeing of children and their families. The Childrens Act 2004 brought about many changes and most significant was the Every Child Matters campaign that runs along side the 2004 act. For the Act itself the main change that helps in the work that I do is the implementation of the CAF. This works in line with the need for inter-agency working. I think this is one on the most crucial changes of the Act, and as the Victoria Climbie inquiry showed many agencies were involved with the case and through lack of communication, information sharing and joint working Victoria Climbie died at the hands of her aunt. One of the many advantages is local authorities drive for inter-agency working. Through this many agencies are trying to change their way of working and with the help of the CAF more agencies are invited to the first meeting when a child has been shown to have additional needs. On the whole the process is proving to be more focussed on the child and family and this reduces any stigma for the families as in the past most cases where always referred to social workers. Families and children are now seen more often and social workers can now focus on the more complex and child protection cases. Through inter-agency working families and children are given the help that meets their needs and reduces the need for long term involvement. 8a Outline the features of the Dfes initiative â€Å"Building a Culture of Participation† This initiative is led by the government in their commitment to allow children to have a say in how policies affect them and to contribute to how a service is delivered. By listening to children and young people it ensures that policies and services are designed around their needs. This leads to better outcomes for children, young people and families. It also allows for policies to be effectively evaluated and evolve as necessary. 9a Outline the Common Assessment Framework. Explain why this Government initiative has been introduced and its purpose. The CAF was implemented in 2006 in order to have a universal assessment form that could be used by all agencies and professionals. This was in line with some of Lord Laming’s recommendations after the Victoria Climbie enquiry. As a universal document it reduces the need for repetitive assessments and focuses more on the child and family and multi agency working. The CAF process can start at any time once it has been identified that a child has an additional need. Once agreed all information is shared between the agencies involved again reducing the chance of a child ‘falling through the system’. As the CAF is aimed at early intervention some one such as a school teacher can be the lead professional allowing more serious cases to be dealt with by social workers. As children can often have what was once deemed as minor issues and not warrant the classification as a child in need, through the CAF they are classed as having additional needs which allows professionals to work with the child and family. Once a child that has been highlighted as a CAF they can move in and out of the system as identified issues arise. 9bc Summarise the targets of the combined health and education initiative â€Å"Healthy schools†. The national healthy schools programme promotes a whole school approach to health. The programme is a joint initiative between the department of health and the department for children, schools and families. It aims to deliver benefits for children on improvement in health, raise pupil achievement, more social inclusion and a closer working between health promotion providers and education establishments. The public health white paper choosing health (2004) set a challenging target for 75% of schools to achieve healthy school status by 2009 and for all schools to work towards this target. Through a planned curriculum schools can promote learning and healthy lifestyle choices. The four core themes within the programme are: Healthy eating Physical activity PSHE Emotional health and well-being. 12 How does the Joint Annual Review shape the way in which Children’s Services are delivered locally. You may wish to discuss Lincolnshire’s last JAR and comment on how the recent Service restructuring has been a result of this. The Children’s Act requires joint area reviews to be conducted in each children’s services authority area. The multi-disciplinary team of inspectors review all services provided to children and young people aged 0 – 19. There are around 42 key judgements which relate directly to the five outcomes highlighted in the every child matters framework. Through the Lincolnshire JAR report published in March 2007 it was proved that there was a need for better facilities for all children aged 0 – 19. There are now plans to develop a further 23 children’s centres by 2008. Through this service restructuring the aim is to shift the balance of services from interventionist to a preventative approach. The strengthening families will work with partner agencies to deliver the five outcomes for the every child matters. This is where children’s services as a targeted service interface as part of a universal service. 16e Identify the risks to effective working caused by stresses on the work force and recommend what action can be taken. When work becomes too stressful for an individual it can cause a knock on effect throughout the staff team and the cases in which the individual is working on. The individual can start to have more days off sick which could cause other staff members to add to their workload in taking on those individuals cases. Stress can also cause the individual to lose direction and focus in the cases they work on and this can result in a reduced quality of service for those particular families. Stress in the work place can be identified early and then reduced by regular supervision. Supervision gives the individual a chance to discuss their cases and anything that might be causing them to feel stressed. Supervisors are then able to help supervisee’s in managing there stress before it gets to the point where it affects all that they do. Staff meetings are another opportunity to get together on a regular basis with other team members as it’s a chance for everyone to discuss their working role as well as any difficult cases they may have. This gives a chance for positive reinforcement by the manager on the work that is being done and also a chance to ‘brainstorm’ ideas that might help with the work. 17 Explain in a short paragraph how the Social Model of disability affects children and their families which you work. The social model of disability says that people are disabled not by their impairment, but by society that does not take account of their needs and prevents them from having full access to society due to physical, communication and social barriers. A large majority of the families that I work with fall into the category of being disabled by society. Those families that are most disadvantaged are those living in poverty. Families face multiple stresses which can affect a child’s needs. If a parent struggles to provide an adequate environment for a child this will impact on the child’s developments and the parent’s capacity to care for the child. CHILD A CHILD B No dependence on social security benefits Household receives multiple enefits Two parent family Single adult household Three or fewer children Four or more children White Mixed ethnic origin Owner occupied home Council or privately rented home More room than people One or more persons per room 18a/b See 8a above. 18d Using Lincolnshire County Councils Competency framework, explain how you would assist a member of your team to develop skills in risk management with regards to child protection. You need to be specific to an individual competency. Using competency number 8 –Analysis and Judgement. I would be able to assist the member of staff in th e above question. As part of the competency it requires the individual to look closely at the work they do and how it could be improved. Part of this is through having a broad range of information about an issue. In this particular instance it would be child protection. This could be done in-house through regular supervision. This can be through asking the individual to research up to date information and then having a question answer session on the information they have found. This shows that the indivual has done what is requested and demonstrates that they have an understanding of the subject that they would then be able to take into their work practice. Another useful development skill would be to assign the individual to a child protection case that was held by a social worker. The indivual would gain insight into the process of how child protection is identified and then managed. This hands on approach would give valued knowledge and development without risk to the family involved. Finally a child protection training course would be beneficial to the individual to again further develop there knowledge of the subject. 19 What impact does placement disruption potentially have on the wellbeing of Children In Public Care. You should relate your answer the recent Government paper ‘Care Matters’ Most children who end up in care experience multiple moves. It is standard that three or more moves constitutes as placement stability. Child development theories say that repeated movements jeopardize the opportunity for children to develop secure attachments with carers and trusting relationships with adults. Children with behaviour problems, prior instability and the age of the child at placement have all been found to be important factors in placement instability. 24 List 3 types of evidence that would be valid in court. Explain your rational behind each one. 1) Video Evidence- For children 14years and under. Also for children classed as a vulnerable witness. Video evidence reduces the need for a child to be in court and to be face to face with the perpetrator. 2) Court reports – These are factual based evidence which follow a mandatory guideline for completing. 3) Records – Records are an essential source of evidence for investigations and inquiry’s, and may also be used in court proceedings. Therefore it is essential that any records on a child are clear and accurate and ensure that there is a documented account of an agency’s or professional’s involvement with a child and/or a family. 25 Provide three examples of recording information that might be deemed discriminatory and explain why, in at least one of these examples, the discrimination might pass without comment. 1) The child is ‘missing’ from the record – This doesn’t mean that the child hasn’t been mentioned at all, but that their wishes and feelings, their views and understanding of their situation, are not rec orded. The absence of a child from the record suggests to the reader that no work has been done with the child, or that the child has not been involved in any work. 2) Facts and opinions are not differentiated – Failing to differentiate between fact and opinions can result in the significance of some information being overlooked, or opinions becoming accepted as facts and which could influence the management of the case. If opinions and judgements are not substantiated in the record it can be difficult to explain how these were made to family members who access the records especially if the case holder who wrote them is no longer working within the agency. 3) The record is not written for sharing. This account must (except in the case of responses to questions) be authenticated by at least one of the following Work products seen List Witnessed by— Name Sign Expert Include on witness list Y/N I confirm the authenticity of the Signature of Candidate work above DATE 31. 03. 08 I confirm the judgements claimed Signature of Assessor TICK IF OBSERVED above DATE ———————– EV 5

Pick A Team Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pick A Team - Coursework Example This organization maintains mainly three websites named as â€Å"The red Cross Website†, â€Å"The History of The Red Cross†, and â€Å"The Clara Barton National Historic Site†. The Chairman of Board of governors is responsible for the operation of ARC in United States, and US president is the honorary chairman of the Red Cross. The most attractive feature of American Red Cross is that it offers services to beneficiaries without any discrimination on the basis of nationality, sex, race, economical class, religious beliefs, or political opinions (ICRC, 1996). The ARC is governed by volunteers and funded by community donations. In addition, income from health and safety products and blood products also add to the operating funds of the ARC. The major characteristic feature of this organization is that it is a nationwide network having more than 650 chapters and 36 blood services divisions which are fully dedicated to people in need (Community Resources Guide). ARC has millions of volunteers who are always ready to dedicate their services to disaster relief and they are the absolute assets of the organization. ARC’s main areas of focus include community services, communication services for military members, collection and distribution of blood products, educational programs, and international relief and welfare programs.

Interpersonal communication Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interpersonal communication - Case Study Example I experienced great diversity and unique cultural backgrounds at my workplace. Everyone at workplace seemed to have a different view in nearly all activities that we engaged in. I realized that as I continued to interact with workmates, each one of them seemed to present their individual backgrounds, try to portray their past experiences and values. The experience of diversity provoked my interest and I began to develop new friends that would match the new environment (Corbin & White, 2008). I preferred to work and share closely with individuals of diverse groups and backgrounds with the central aim of exploring personal connection. It is imperative to that diversity experience and success in building new friends with different cultural beliefs and values influenced me to like the job. The feeling of heterogeneous culture within the workplace and ability to accept my co-workers beliefs and values enabled me to interact closely and learn more about other cultures. In addition, knowledge of multiculturalism aspects within a diverse population enabled me to develop intimate relationships with my co-workers, supervisors, and other friends. We would share about our different cultural practices including learning each other’s language with the intimate workmates (Corbin & White, 2008). Consequently, the feeling of knowing and speaking a foreign language become interesting and I felt encouraged to explore my workmates cultural backgrounds. As I became more intimate and personally connected to learning other cultures, I developed preference for working in the company. It is imperative that the knowledge of multiculturalism remained essential in fostering a healthy work practice and relationship. I developed the ability to accept and recognize my co-workers, supervisors, and other friends by valuing them as equally important, an experience that propelled my career success. In

History and purpose of BLM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History and purpose of BLM - Research Paper Example However, during the 19th century the Nation’s land base increased further west , therefore congress was forced to enact a variety of laws including mining and homesteading law of 1872 to ecourage settlement of the land (BLM, 2010). During this period the country was young and therefore these two policies formed part of the major policy goals in the history of U.S. However, with the exception the Desert Land Act which was passed in 1877 and Mining law passed in 1872 by the congress, all the laws have been amended and replaced by other statutes. During the late 19th centuary important events yet again took place, the congress saw the need of creating national game parks, wild life refuges and forests. Therefore, this meant that the land which was occupied by wild life refuges, game parksand forests had to be excluded from the land allowed for settlement (BLM, 2012). This is because the congress had realized that the lands could be set aside for other important activities. In connection to this, the congress saw it fit that these lands should be held in public ownership instead of individual people. During the early 20th century, Congress realized the value of that management of public land is important towards achieving transparency in land use. Therefore, additional steps were taken by congress, where they directed the Executive branch to manage activities paternaing to public lands. However, the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as coal, oil, gas, and sodium, to take place on public lands (BLM, 2010). In 1934 the congress passed Taylor Grazing Act laws that paved way for the formation of U.S. Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands. While, California and Oregon Act of 1937 required sustained yield management of the timberlands in western Oregon. This led to the

Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Discussion Board - Essay Example Internet has emerged as the conveyer of leadership, synchronizer of teamwork, and facilitator of communication. Rapid networking has integrated most of the managerial and communication processes in and around the organization. No doubt, Internet has thus expanded the scope of organizational behavior manifold. (Nelson and Quick, 2007) In this context, the example of ObWeb can be readily furnished, which is an entire website dedicated to the cause of organizational behavior. The website serves two main purposes: First, it helps thought sharing, communication, and research in the field of organizational behavior. Second, it strengthens the organizational behaviorist patterns of the academics and professionals by serving as an interactive social media platform. Hence, the web portal provides a forum for the members to ask questions, get answers, post announcements, and engage in a dialogue to address the issues related to organizational behavior. (Leana, 2010) Internet is perhaps one of the strongest tools of information technology (IT). Internet has enabled us to access huge amounts of data, communicate with each other across thousands of miles, and facilitate trans-platform integration of different technologies like email, ecommerce, etc. However, in regards of organizational behavior, the potential effects of IT and Internet are not uniformly positive. Organizations that rely on sophisticated information technologies are more vulnerable to vandalism, espionage, and sabotage. Moreover, IT can create new social divisions. For example, the computer savvy may be put vis-Ã  -vis the nonuser and the educated may dominate the uneducated in newer ways. Faster ways to communicate through the Internet cannot substitute the critical human qualities like common sense and good judgment. Rather, too many channels of communication may lead to contradictions and confusion. Hence, advent of Internet has introduced new problems related to network

Project management assignment NO.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project management assignment NO.2 - Essay Example During construction, activities are done based on the order that they should be carried out. Duration for each activity is estimated based on current data available. A network model is established to show the relationship among the activities and a critical path method is used to determine the critical and non critical activities. CPM is important because it shows the management the activities that need much attention and monitoring to avoid unnecessary delays in project completion (Taha 267). As shown in Diagram 1, constructing foundation and framing are the first two important activities to do because they serve as the framework of the house. Several activities such as plumbing, roofing and wiring are done right after framing since these activities are associated with the different parts of the house and so, they can be started anytime without any delay. Landscaping requires a stable water system so it should be done only after plumbing is finished. Finishing activities and painting are both done after plastering since the house is considered almost finish by that time. Lastly, activities such as making curtains and laying carpet are considered as final activities and should only be done after the whole structure of the house is built and painted. This means that these two paths constitute the time period of project completion. According to the computed critical path (Table 1), the project will be completed in 42 working days. Therefore the project should be started on November 17, 2008 in order to finish it by January 19, 2009. Working days exclude weekends and holidays like New Year and Thanksgiving Day. All the critical activities are shaded in Table 1. This means that these activities are the most important tasks in the project and therefore must be done on schedule. Non critical activities are plumbing, wiring, landscaping, finishing and attaching TV antenna. They are considered non critical because they can be done in advance or

See Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

See Below - Essay Example This administrative task needs to be accomplished on the first step of the implementation of the Act. This is so because this expenditure is tired together with the Cap insurance company. The third administrative task is calculating and enforcing the refundable tax credits for the Americans with incomes of between 100% and 400% of the federal poverty line (FPL). The hard part of this task comes in because the tax credit is being calculated on a reducing scale basis (sliding scale). Another administrative task comes in for those who already are covered under other insurance schemes. This is true for example for those under 18 years and who are covered under their parents or grandparents but who also on turning 18 years will require to be changed to be independent. The last administrative task is the linking of the insurance that this health care Act is advocating for and the hospitals which will be handling the patients and will need to coordinate with the other stakeholders before any costs and charges can be made or deducted on the part of the hospital. This will also need those in charge of the Act to be quick in making the payments once the hospital forwards the hospital

Refraction of Light Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Refraction of Light - Research Paper Example Refraction refers to the property by which light bends when it travels from rarer to a denser or from a denser to a rarer medium. If a ray of light is travelling from a denser to a rarer medium, say from glass to air it bends away from the normal. If the ray of light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, it bends towards the normal. The phenomenon of refraction of light is governed by laws known as Laws of Refraction. When a ray of light traverses from one medium to another, the direction and the angle by which it bends is determined by these laws. The first law of refraction states that the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal all lie in the same plane (Walker et al, 2010) The second law is prime factor for determining the direction of the refracted ray. This law is popularly known as Snell’s law. According the this law the direction of the refracted ray depends on the ratio of speed of light in the two mediums. Light travels with different speeds in different mediums. Most materials have refractive indices of their own which primarily depends on the wavelength of light. The refractive index of any material is given by the ratio of the speed of light travelling of light in that medium by the speed of light travelling in vacuum. Optically dense medium are those that have a high refractive index while those materials whose refractive indices are almost near to 1 are known as optically rare media (Haynes, 2014) When light travels from a medium of higher refractive index to a medium of lower refractive index, the path taken by the light rays is dependent on the angle of incidence. If the angle of incidence exceeds beyond a certain value the refracted ray does not travel to another medium but in fact returns back into the same medium. This phenomenon is known as total internal reflection and the angle of incidence is known as the critical angle. Critical angle is also known as the limit angle and is defined as the angle

Social Promlem project on Internet Addiction Essay

Social Promlem project on Internet Addiction - Essay Example Moving further, we will look into various types of internet addiction. After this, we will be exploring the effect of gender difference on the internet addiction. Furthermore, the discussion would be led to the causes and the development of the internet addiction. Last, but not the least, we will be looking over various treatment options for the internet addiction. So we can say, in general terms, that addiction is the process of getting habitual to the use of something. In the same connection, internet addiction is, in layman terms, the habitual use of internet or being compulsively occupied with the use of internet. "Technical addictions... non-chemical (behavioral) addictions which involve human-machine interaction. They can either be passive (e.g. television) or active, (e.g. computer games) and usually contain inducing and reinforcing features which may contribute to the promotion of addictive tendencies". (Griffths, 2000) Various experts have also called it cyber addiction. "Cyberspace Addiction: an addiction to virtual realms of experience created through computer engineering... Some cyberspace addictions are game and competition oriented, some fulfill more social needs, some simply may be an extension of workaholicism". (Suler, 1999) All in all, internet addiction, with whatever term it may be referred, is the excessive use of internet to the extent that a person become compulsively engaged in using the internet. Types of Internet Addiction The internet addiction can be classified into a number of typologies. However, the most commonly used typology among the scholarly circles is that based on the usage. On this basis, the internet addiction can be divided into following types: Addiction for Internet Sex Addiction for Games over Internet Addiction for Making Money over Internet Addiction for Chat Addiction for Web Surfing This typology has been adapted from the works of Young (et al. 1999) and Davis (2001). Addiction for Internet Sex According to some estimates, the total worth of the online sex industry is somewhere between 1 and 5 billion US Dollars. Moreover, the sex industry over internet has become one of the major contributors among the total revenue generated through the paid websites (McDonald, 2001). There are also some estimates that the highest search queries on various search engines, such as Google and Yahoo etc, are related to pornography, especially among teens. The internet is heavily with the sex related material. That includes, sex related text (stories), images, video, audio stories and entire DVD format full length

Switched at Birth Essay Example for Free

Switched at Birth Essay A few years ago, I remember seeing my sister watching Switched at Birth, but I never really thought I would need, or even want to watch the show, but I could honestly say that I may continue watching it just to see what happens. I was planning on watching three episodes somewhere in the middle of season two, but I ended up watching the first three episodes of the series since I had no idea who any of the characters were. I also felt that in the middle of the series, all of the characters might be comfortable with each other already, which might make the experience less memorable or eye-opening. A few times during the three episodes I watched, Daphne and Emmett shared conversations at their school, Carlson School for the Deaf. During these scenes, the two of them carried on with their conversations using sign language, and after a moment, I realized there were no voices, which made the scenes harder to follow and struck me as quite interesting. I have taken a class that taught me how to analyze TV shows, movies, and other types of footage, and I noticed that the absence of voices within the scene is essentially the same thing as taking out the background music in a movie or TV show. My whole life, I have watched shows where there were people constantly speaking or where background voices kept my attention. This leads me into the fact that the subtitles I had to follow in order to understand the conversation were the only things keeping my attention. The negative affect of this is that I was not able to watch the two of them sign, in other words, my full attention was on the subtitles. This was the case for Daphne and Emmett’s conversations at their school, but throughout the rest of the show, it was much simpler to follow the conversations with sound and with the signs. In addition, I think that the use of signs, while also speaking aloud, is quite an interesting thing, especially since Daphne signs and speaks almost all of the time, whereas Emmett never speaks, which must be due to him never advancing his speech skills. Another interesting thing IÂ  noticed is that Emmett does not want anything to do with hearing people. He believes that they are all the same and they just don’t understand the Deaf community. He is Daphne’s best friend, but Daphne is beginning to learn that maybe all hearing people aren’t the same. While Daphne and Liam were on their date, both of them were having a great time until Liam’s friends caught up to them and started making fun of Daphne. Liam had no idea what to do; he wasn’t sure if she was upset or if their comments were hurting her at all. This made Daphne think of hearing people the same way as Emmett, but when she went back to see Liam again in his food truck, I think she finally realized that being with him may be tough at first, but he may be worth the fight. All in all, I believe Switched at Birth has given me some insight in how hearing people react to Deaf people, and vice versa. At first, I thought that hearing people were the only ones that produced bad stigmas about Deaf people and their culture, but after seeing how Emmett acted around hearing people, I see now that some members of the Deaf community also produce bad stigmas about hearing people. This was an interesting experience that actually taught me a few more things about how Deaf and hearing people coincide. I am quite intrigued on how the show will continue, which means another show has been added to my playlist.

Sin and Redemption in Dr Faustus

Sin and Redemption in Dr Faustus Marlowes play The tragic story of Doctor Faustus is an interpretations of a popular German legend, about a historical person, a man who called himself Dr. Johann Faust. Marlowe wrote a tragic story of the warlock, who sold his soul to the devil. Keeping intact all the important episodes of the legend, as set out in the translation of the German popular book about Faust, the poet has given the legend a completely different meaning.  Faust in the tragedy made by Marlow is much like his literary predecessor, but otherwise the playwright interprets three main problems in the image of Faust: the problem of choosing between good and evil, the problem of honest and unfair knowledge, and the problem of saving souls. (Hattaway 1970). Marlowe in his play gives a new perspective on sin, redemption and faith. This  play offers a new way of looking at sin, challenging traditional values of right and wrong, while during the play readers may wonder whether or not Fausts sins are truly wrong. The sin of Faustus and his reckoning for giving the soul to the devil. At the beginning of the play the author shows that Faust was disappointed in philosophy and human thoughts; medicine also was not so powerful, because it could not give people immortality; Law was full of contradictions and was nonsensical.   Couldst thou make men to live eternally, Or being dead, raise them to life again, Then this profession were to be esteemed. Even the theology was not the answer to the Faustus questions, and only the magic of the books attracted him. These metaphysics of magicians, And necromantic books are heavenly; Lines, circles, letters, characters. Ay, these are those that Faustus most desires. A sound magician is a demi-god. Here, tire my brains to get a Deity. Enter Wagner. (Marlowe , 1.1) Good Angel persuades Faust to not read the damned books full of temptations, which bring upon Faust the wrath of the Lord. Good Angel: O Faustus, lay that damned book aside, And gaze not on it least it tempt thy soul, And heap Gods heavy wrath upon thy head. Read, read the scriptures: that is blasphemy. But Evil Angel, by contrast, incites Faust to do magic and to understand all the secrets of nature: Evil Angel: Go forward, Faustus, in that famous art Wherein all natures treasure is contained. Be thou on earth as Jove is in the sky, Lord and Commander of these elements. Then comes Mephistopheles, and  Faustus wants Mephistopheles to serve him and perform all his desires, but Mephistopheles serves Lucifer only . So  Faustus decided to recognize the supreme ruler of Lucifer the lord of darkness and lord of spirits. Faustus explains that he chooses black magic because of: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a world of profit and delight, Of power, of honour, of omnipotence, [that] Is promised to the studious artisan! All things that move between the quiet poles Shall be at my command. Emperors and kings Are but obeyed in their several provinces. Nor can they raise the wind or rend the clouds. But this dominion that exceeds in this Stretcheth as far as doth the mind of man: A sound magician is a demi-god. Here tire, my brains to beget a deity. (Marlowe, 1.1.) When Faust hesitates, Good Angel tries to persuade him to leave evil magic, and return to God, but Evil angel gives him the idea of wealth and fame, and Faustus says: Wealth? Why the signory of Embden shall be mine. When Mephistophilis shall stand by me, What power can hurt me? Faustus, thou art safe. Cast no more doubts; Mephistophilis. (Marlowe, 2.1) And bring glad tidings from great Lucifer Stay, Mephistophilis, and tell me, What good will my soul do thy Lord? Good Angel advises Faustus to repent and trust in the mercy of the Lord. Evil Angel is confident that God will not take pity on such a great sinner, however, he is confident that Faust will not repent: Evil Angel: Ay, but Faustus never shall repent. Faustus: My heart is hardened; I cannot repent. Scarce can I name salvation, faith, or heaven. To entertain Faust, Mephistopheles leads Devils to give Faust crown, rich clothes and dance in front of him, and then removed.  Faust asks Mephistopheles about hell.  Mephistopheles says: Hell hath no limits, nor is circumscribed, In one self place, but where we are is hell, And where hell is there must we ever be. And to be short, when all the world dissolves, And every creature shall be purified, All places shall be hell that is not heavenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Well, Faustus, thou shalt have a wife. He fetches in a woman devil. Later Faustus says: When I behold the heavens then I repent And curse thee wicked Mephistophilis, Because thou hast deprived me of those joysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ If heaven was made for man, twas made for me. I will renounce this magic and repent. Good Angel: Faustus, repent yet God will pity thee. Evil Angel: Thou art a spirit; God cannot pity thee. Faustus: Ay, go, accursed spirit, to ugly hell. Tis thou hast damned distressed Faustus soul. Ist not too late? Evil Angel: Too late. Good Angel: Never too late, if Faustus will repent. Faustus: My heart is hardened; I cannot repent. Scarce can I name salvation, faith, or heaven. Swords, poison, halters, and envenomed steel, Are laid before me to dispatch my self, And long ere this, I should have done the deed, Had not sweet pleasure conquered deep despair. Faustus: O, Christ my Savior, my Savior, Help to save distressed Faustus soul. (Marlowe, 2.2.) Lucifer Faustus blames for the fact that Faustus violates the word and thinks about Christ, but Faustus vows that it will not happen again.  Lucifer shows Faust seven deadly sins in their true guise: in front of him are Pride, Greed, Wrath, Envy, gluttony, laziness, and profligacy.  Faust wants to see hell and back again and  Lucifer promises to show him hell, and yet gives Faustus a book to read and learn how to take any look. Then after the journey Faust is on the verge of death and condemned to burn in hell forever. He was advised to remember God and ask him for clemency, but Faust realizes that he is no forgiveness, he sold his soul to the devil and the day of reckoning is near. Faust wants to have time to repent and be saved, but the clock strikes, thunder rumbles, lightning flashes, and the Devils led Faust away. The idea of Faustus sin must show readers take a lesson from the tragic fate of Faust, and not to seek the knowledge of the protected areas of science, which tempt man and teach to do evil. Well, gentlemen, though Faustus end be such As every Christian heart laments to think on, Yet for he was a scholar, once admired For wondrous knowledge in our German schools, Well give his mangled limbs due burial. And all the students clothed in mourning black, Shall wait upon his heavy funeral. (Marlowe, V) The image of Faustus as a sinner Marlow tells the story of Faustus, who sacrificed world pleasures for the sake of eternal salvation, in order to get knowledge of sciences, and offers a new way of looking at the idea of sin. The play is written as a kind of tragedy, where Dr. Faustus is presented as a rebel against an oppressive morality: that is the traditional view of sin, which would condemn Faustus for his contract with the devil in exchange for knowledge. Marlowe with great sympathy showed disappointment of Faustus in contemporary science and philosophy, his desire to learn the deepest secrets of nature. He showed despair of the heros, who started an unequal fight with the indestructible divine authority, and the figure of Faust was lit with charm and tragic courage. In a dramatic image created by Marlow, Faustus is idealized, more precisely he has those potentials, which were concluded in the legend and were reflection of significant progressive ideological movements of the Renaissance: the emancipation of the human mind from the medieval  Church dogma and the human will and behavior of the medieval ascetic morality.   In the first monologue Faustus expresses humanistic concept of the indomitable spirit: unlimited personal freedom, boundless possibilities of learning about the universe, mans power over the world. Inspired by this ideal, Faust with a sense of frustration sums up the achievements of modern science: it has a small, insignificant aims, full of selfish spirit. When Faustus turns to the Scriptures he sees dogmas that are incompatible with the humanistic ideal, as it belittles the man because of original sin.  The ideal of the church is alien to Faustus as it contradicts with his belief in the value of personal rights. Characteristically for Faust, a man of the XVI century, which sharply criticizes the Bible and Christian theology, he at the same time wants to become like God, draws his ideal in the Bible paints. If you people could give immortality Or the dead to life again appeal to (Marlowe 1.1.) The hero of the play is presented to the audience not as a fairy tale hero, but as an ordinary man, whose extraordinary strength is in his mind and senses.  The victory of freedom and persons talents over a hostile world is a dream of the scientist-humanist, but the playwright is not so much concentrated on Fausts dream of itself, but on its impact on his entire spiritual life. Excited monologues of Faustus (where he does not saturated from school scholastic science turns to magic in search of unearthly wisdom, which he yearns with all his heart, or speaks to the ancient image of Helen as the ultimate in sensual, earthy beauty) show personal experiences of the author and modern features of that time. Dr. Faustus is the philosophical and psychological drama, and the author the reaches greatest heights of artistry when portraying the hero in moments of intense meditation, in moments of ecstasy, despair, doubt.  The image of Faustus lacerations are shown in a fantastic picture of conversation with the devil, with dramatic brilliance and significance of internal suppressions of Faustus: Faustus: Where are you damned? Mephostophilis: In hell. Faustus: How comes it then that thou art out of Hell? Mephostophilis: Why, this is Hell, nor am I out of it. Thinkst thou that I who saw the face of God And tasted the eternal joys of heaven, Am not tormented with ten thousand hells In being deprived of everlasting bliss? O Faustus, leave these frivolous demands, Which strikes a terror to my fainting soul. (Marlowe, 1.2.) Faustus wants to have the opportunity to repeat the biblical miracles, and by signing a contract with the devil, Faustus compares himself to Christ. In the tragedy of Fausts journey into the demonic the author shows the stages of psychological development of the hero, and is not a true story.  When the black magic passes into the real life, romantic pathos of narrative disappears, giving place to the irony, farce playfulness, where the only magic is a trick. Faustus spells do not have any intrinsic magical power, and miracles that Faust makes, after he sold his soul to the devil, are depicted with deliberate irony. Faustus: What art thou, Faustus, but a man condemnd to die? Thy fatal time draws to a final end; Despair doth drive distrust into my thoughts: Confound these passions with a quiet sleep: Tush, Christ did call the thief upon the Cross; Then rest thee, Faustus, quiet in conceit. Regardless of magic, spells and curses, even before meeting with Mephistopheles Faustus was shown as a rebel, the enemy of God. Curses, the struggle of good and evil angels for the soul of Fausts, contract with Lucifer and meeting with Mephistopheles all this is a psychological drama of Faust, the gradual realization of the depth of the discontinuity of his ideals to the prevailing divine authority, to the consecrated religious moral code, and so with society, where religion was considered a ground of state and was deeply rooted in the minds of the vast majority of people. The attitude towards sin in the play The main claim of the author is that seeking knowledge is not a sin. The author shows a new morality, and the idea of sin in this morality does not coincide with efforts to attain the knowledge. (Davidson, 1996) This new morality is that a man does and should search for knowledge, but without sacrifices and sin. Faustus can search for new knowledge over the limits of traditional values and assumptions, but should not be seen as a sinner. But when Faustus reaches the end of intellectual thought and dont know where to go next. It is important to note the fact that Faustus struggles with the idea of being a metaphysical being: if men cannot become as God, cannot have the superior knowledge that God has, so how can God forgive the sins of such wicked people? Faustus was warned and asked to confess: O, gentle Faustus, leave this damned art, This magic, that will charm thy soul to hell, And quite bereave thee of salvation. Though thou hast now offended like a man, Do not persever in it like a devil. Yet, yet, thou hast an amiable soul, If sin by custom grow not into nature; Then, Faustus, will repentance come too late, Then thou art banished from the sight of heaven; No mortal can express the pains of hell. There is a view that a sin can only be redeemed with confession and penance, and by asking God for his mercy, every man will find the forgiveness he needs in order to be redeemed. As Redemption is a deliverance from ones sins, mercy and forgiveness can be achieved through Confession and Penance. But Faustus believes his soul belongs to him, and he sells it, having sinned against God, that is why he is not unredeemable as he himself believes. He says: If we say that we have no sin We deceive ourselves, and there is no truth in us. Why then, belike, we must sin, And consequently die. Ay, we must die an everlasting death. Faustus understands that he cannot be saved as he does not believe in God as a God of love; rather, he views God as a Deity of power. He cannot comprehend the power of Gods forgiveness and mercy: O, if my soul must suffer for my sin, Impose some end to my incessant pain. Let Faustus live in hell a thousand years, A hundred thousand, and at last be saved. No end is limited to damned soulsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Redemption in the play follows the Renaissance belief that salvation comes through faith. Faustus retains the Gods offer of forgiveness until the very end, and every time he considers repenting, he is stopped either by himself or by the devil, convinced his sin was too great. (Davidson, 1996) The lesson of the importance of faith is simple: for the redeem Faustus needs faith, and belief that God will forgive him of his sin then he can be saved. But Faustus does not repent, so he does go to hell, and joins the other lost souls in Hell. The conclusion is that because Faustus has lack of faith in God, it keeps him from being redeemed and going to Heaven. Conclusion The Tragedy of Dr. Faustus challenges the traditional idea of sin and shows that redemption comes only through faith. The image of Faustus as a sinner is an example of the process search for the truth, that each person goes through, as readers see in Faustus struggle to accept God, or to reject God. Marlow shows the readers two important ideas: the first is that going over the limits of an authoritarian society and searching for knowledge is not sinful; and the second is a view that redemption is attained through faith , so it is important never to lose faith in God.

Womens Virginity And Fidelity Sociology Essay

Womens Virginity And Fidelity Sociology Essay Compare and contrast the significance of the concept womens virginity and fidelity between the Qing Dynasty and Contemporary China, with an attempt to analyse the causes of different attitudes and behaviours in these 2 different eras. Abstract This study focuses on the Chinese womens chastity, especially in the area of Virginity and Fidelity. The comparison and contrast between Qing Dynasty and Contemporary China is examined, with an attempt to find out what possible causes had led to the different perspectives on womens chastity. Qing is regarded as an idol of womens chastity in the entire Chinese history. However, it seemed that the modern youth tend to care less about womens virginity and fidelity. Women seemed no longer devote their entire lives to serve their husbands and in-laws. Apart from the changes in the regions of culture, globalization, and education, the historical progress cannot be ignored as well as governmental policies Introduction With the emergence of the first sex museum for women in China, the perception of sex has begun to attract more attentions of Chinese people (China Daily, 2008). Meanwhile, the roles women played over centuries have vitally contributed to the historical progress of sex. Since ancient China, women are often regarded as a property of men in the patriarchal society (Jaschok and Miers, 1994). According to Marx and Engels (1985), a patriarchal husband à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦sees in his wife a mere instrument of production of prostitution both public and private (1848:101). Nevertheless, accompanied by complex causes, women increasingly gain more rights and equalities in the relationship with men in contemporary China. That is, in comparison with the womens strict virtue in the old days of China, Qing Dynasty in particular, Modern Chinese women as well as men tend to be more open and unfastened to the idea of virginity and fidelity (Ko, Haboush and Piggott, 2003; China Daily, 2003; America Online, 1995; Zhou, 1989). However, many have argued that the root of womens chastity is still solid to convert in China nowadays (Peoples Daily, 2003). There are two remarkable cases that emerged more lately, which to a great extent explain the conflicting value of womens chastity in modern China. A recent report (Richburg, 2010) demonstrated that there is a growing trend of hymen restoration of Chinese women, which they could return to the virgin by the surgical procedure. Similarly, a considered cheaper and easier way of being a pretended virgin is popular and well taken as well as the hymen restoration surgery. According to Gu (2011), the artificial hymen is appeared as a little piece of semi-transparent tissue that you put this into the vagina, itll dissolve and expand. Have sex in about 20 to 30 minutes, and youll bleed'. As a modern Chinese woman, the movement of womens right draws my attention. I am particularly interested in the area of womens chastity, which on one hand is assumed to have a great progress in contrast to Qing dynasty. In regard to the factors that had brought to this evolution, it is hypothesized that apart from the ideological change of the significance of womens chastity, several effects such as the development of technology, governmental policies, education, globalization, and media have likewise led to the different attitudes and behaviours during these two different eras; and on another hand, it is believed that to a certain extent, the attitudes towards womens chastity in Qing dynasty have impacted on modern China. As a consequence, I will focus on the comparison of the significance of the concept of womens virginity and fidelity in Qing Dynasty and Contemporary China, mainly by looking at the two periods of women: pre-marriage and post-marriage. Moreover, several major causes of different attitudes and behaviours in these two different eras will also be discussed respectively. Due to the limitation of time and condition, and the sensitivity of the research topic, the investigation is conducted inside the university campus. Four groups will be studied in order to see the differences between different genders and generations: UNNC girls, UNNC boys, their mothers, and their fathers. In addition, the research of Qing dynasty will be taken place mostly in the review of literatures. Literature Review The literature review will take the progress of the significance of the concept of womens chastity as a whole and continuing process. Thus, not only Qing dynasty and Contemporary China will be examined, the period (1900-2000) between Qing dynasty and Contemporary China is also important due to the fact that it had vital contributions to the development of womens right, which eventually led to the understanding of womens chastity in present China. The following reviews will be ordered generally according to the chronological sequence, and mainly focus on the Qing and the Republican China due to the limited recent researches on Modern Chinese womens chastity. 2.1 Qing Dynasty The traditional concept of chastity is tightly linked to the ideology of patriarchy. As a property of men in the patriarchal society, womens value was merely to breed the progeny and to satisfy men in sexuality. In order to assure the purity of the blood, the strict demand on chastity was therefore emerged. The traditional chastity devoted itself to two sections: virgin before marriage, and be faithful to ones husband unto death after marriage (Li, 2006; Zhou, 2003). As the ideology of cultural expression and the foundation of the family system in imperial China, Confucianism is generally the essential ideology of female virtue in Late Imperial China. Particularly the concept of filiality (xiao) and fidelity (jie) have had great impacts on Qing Dynasty (Ko and Haboush and Piggott, 2003). A good example is the foot binding in Qing which according to Mackie (1996), the actual purpose was to ensure womens fidelity. The so-called chastity cult, a way for women to demonstrate their ultimate moral responsibility to the patriline into which they married, was in the position of domination in Qing by honouring two female virtues: purity, similar to fidelity (jie), and martyrdom (commonly regarded as lie). Jie mainly referred to absolute fidelity and sexual purity to one husband, in which women remained their lifelong devotion to serve the husbands family. Compared to jie, lie was more towards the absolute commitment to fidelity and sexual purity often end up with death or suicide by the expected requirement of self-sacrifice. That is, there were usually merely two choices, both ending in misery for women or even young girls at the period: pain in death or suffering in life (Ko and Haboush and Piggott, 2003). However, in contrast of the widespread phenomena in early Qing which promoted both martyrdom and fidelity, the idea of fidelity seemed to be more preferable since the mid-Qing due to the expanded acceptance of filiality to husbands parents. Namely, widows were encouraged to fulfil their primary obligation- to serve parents-in-law and to raise the heirs (ibid). Yet, many had chosen to follow their husbands in death after accomplishing their expected duties (ibid). Theiss (2004) argues that womens chastity was often related to the human dignity in terms of being a person. In other words, majority of them found themselves no longer being a person in which they were offended even via slight harassments such as flirtation. As a consequence, numerous women were recorded chastity suicide during Qing. That is, womens self-awareness to the concept of chastity would lead to the path of decease (ibid). Except for the initial desire which was aiming to reveal a womans morality and humanity as a woman (Theiss, 2004; Ko and Haboush and Piggott, 2003), there were other existing outside factors that have indirectly resulted in womens chastity. On one hand, governmental policies such as encouragement, promotion, and punishment were considered as the principal elements of the flourish of chaste women in Qing Dynasty (Ko and Haboush and Piggott, 2003). For example, the penalty for women who commit adultery was way severe than for men (Brown, 1952). On the other hand, social pressure as well as education also impressively affected womens behaviours. In addition, widows might earn particular advantages, social respects and family honour, for instance (Ko and Haboush and Piggott, 2003). Apart from the possible causes that Ko and Haboush and Piggott (2003) discussed, Theiss (2004) further extends the range of potential motivations leading to female suicide in Qing. Firstly, familys attitude was crucial. The husbands or family members, especially in-laws, who refused or failed to report and express the outrages such as the issues of sexual harassment on the womens behalf due to two major reasons: family reputation and the threat from offenders, to a large extent led to the desperation of women. As a result, they usually turned to seek death. Furthermore, it is widely believed that fictions and dramas to some extent had driven women into the faith of supernatural revenge. For example, becoming ghosts assured them to have power to return and punish those who had harmed them (ibid). Moreover, by rewarding as chastity martyrs might lead to the damage of harassers family reputation (ibid). Nonetheless, it seems that the idea of womens chastity might have been over-emphasized by historians. Theiss (2004) accentuated that despite Qing Dynastys well-known chastity cult, not every woman was a fan of the female chastity. Plenty of women carried on adulterous affairs for years without the concern of their reputation. Additionally, according to her study, most rape victims including those who suffered extreme violence or gang rapes did not commit suicide (ibid). It is argued that even though some women were willing to stay chaste after their husbands death, the facts of financial problem often brought them back to reality and accept the remarriage. Sommer (2000) points out that the chastity was indeed unaffordable for many widows in Qing. They usually were willing to remarry quickly in the attempt of collecting enough capital to liquidate the debts of her former husband, or even to finance his interment. In other words, a widow might trade herself with the bride-price to her new husband in order to settle outstanding debts before the marriage. However, it is not guaranteed that those widows with property which left by their deceased husband could follow their willingness for being a chaste widow. In fact, they might provoke the envy of in-laws those who wanted to take over the property, and often were forced to take the arranged remarriage. Before the Xinhai Revolution, Chinese women only played a very marginal role (Lu, 1993), due to the reason that, as Raphals (1998) claimed, They were eternally oppressed, powerless, passive, and silent. Yet, influenced by Western cultures and revolutions, a group headed by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and Tan Sitong were gradually awakening to the issues of gender equity in the late Qing. They challenged the traditional idea of chastity and yearned to change the roles women played at the time. Their attentions were mainly focused on the campaigns of womens education and the freedom of marriage (Zhou, 2003; Chen, 2001). 2.2 The 20th Century After Xinhai Revolution, the Confucianism was remained popular for a short period under the support of the Northern Warlords. Similar to Qing, the behaviours of chaste women were highly honoured and promoted by the government and society, until the first meaningful womens movement in Chinese history- May Fourth Movement (Chen, 2001; Zhou, 2003). It brought up the new concept of womens chastity, which is under the condition of the true love, and the equality between the sexes (Li, 2006). Influenced by the Sex Revolution at the period in the Western World, intellectuals such as the famous scholars LuXun and HuShi, severely criticized the traditional view of chastity in 3 ways: morality, love, and governmental policies (Chen, 2001). Firstly, LuXun (1918) claimed that it is immoral to demand womens chastity. Fidelity and martyrdom are the malformed moralities that aim to oppress and befool women, he clarified, Women and Men are equalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦morality is meant for both men and women à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦men cannot require women for things they dont even do. Hushi (1918) also pointed out that it is immoral to ask women to obey the chastity while men were allowed to be involved with concubines and prostitutes. Secondly, chastity could not be considered as an existence without love. As HuShi pointed out, chastity was an attitude between husbands and wives; it is willingness rather than a compulsion. Thus, he indicated that for the women who do not love their husband, usually were the victims of arranged marriage, it is not their obligation to follow the fidelity and martyrdom for their un-chaste husbands. In addition, Hushi also questioned womens behaviour of committing suicide after being raped. He argued that they did not break their chastity and dignity because the rape is occurred by force not willingness. As a result, he suggested that the society should not look down on the raped women, and respect the brave performance of those people who married un-virgins or as un-virgins. Thirdly, it was brutal and inappropriate for government to promote chaste women. It is suggested that it is a widows interest to preserve chastity or remarry, others should not intervene (Chen, 2001). The May Forth indeed to a great extent enhanced the progress of womens chastity, however, due to the limitations of Chinese history and society, the New Chastity was merely accepted by several radical intellectuals. Although it seemed that there were minority of women got rid of the traditional chastity, the majority, and even to the entire society were still affected by the traditional chastity. During the era, the New Chastity was barely theoretical rather than particle (Chen, 2001; Li, 2006). Apart from the contributions from the open-minded scholars, globalisation, media, and mass-culture indirectly helped to bring womens chastity to a new level. For example, the widespread of the translated books which were originally written by foreigners such as the Japanese author Akiko Yosano ( 1878 ½Ã… ¾1942) and her work (Chen, 2001). After the May Forth Movement, more attentions were paid on womens liberation. Since the establishment of the Republic China, significant efforts were made by Chinese government in improving womens status. Through legislations, more legal rights in education, marriage, and property were offered for women (Zhou, 2003). The Communist Party of China (CPC) has brought womens status to a new level after their victory in 1949, especially under the Mao regime. Mao promoted the equal rights and personal dignity between sexes, and contributed to 3 important revolutionary changes for women: the Marriage Law of 1950s ensured the freedom of marriage and divorce; the Election Law of PRC of 1953 granted womens right to vote as well as men; and the equality of rights between men and women in terms of possessing or inherit property. It is believed that the by 1958, 16 million Chinese women were able to read, while before 1949, only 10% of women were literates. Furthermore, CPC encouraged women to participate in social production, which women gained more capitals in both economic and social aspects (ibid). It is also worth mentioning that prostitution and concubine have been out of law since the CPC came to power (ibid). Consequently, with the basic conditions, Chinese Womens awakening consciousness began to play as an important role in the post-Mao era (Li, 1994:299). In addition, Zhou (2003) stated that another pre-condition of womens liberation is the financial independence of women, in which they had no longer need to fully rely on their husbands. Peoples Republic of China (PRC) gradually shifted their concentration from the outer effects to the inner effects in the respect of womens liberation. According to Zhou (2003:69), the Fourth World Conference on womens right was hosted by China in 1995. It includes the rights to freedom of thought, conscience religion and belief, and participation on the basis of equality in all eliminate all forms of discrimination against women; promotes womens economic independence; and ensure womens equal access to economic resources, including science and technology, vocational training, information, communication, and markets. Zhou (1989) presents the dilemmatic situation for young women in the area of virginity and premarital sex in China in the late 1980s. Although the traditional views placed a high value on female virginity and deprecate premarital sex, young people now seem to have more opportunities to explore both love and sex, with the introduction of the new idea of romantic love accompanied by the growing social acceptance of close interactions between women and men. According to Zhous research in 1985, which has taken place in China, most of the young men had claimed their expectation of a virgin wife. Moreover, in rural China, nearly all the male and female peasants came to an agreement that in a love relationship, virginity was still considered to be the most valuable treasure for women. Nevertheless, the rate of premarital sexual intercourse was increasing rapidly in the present China in spite of still-existing traditional values. Several reasons can be considered for the further understandin g: social acceptance, education, and the support of young mens parents. It was agreed that most women have experienced the psychological pressures of a great dilemma in the selection between remaining a virgin and satisfying their boyfriends, but increasingly, women surrendered their resistance to the strategically emotional persuasion of their boyfriends (ibid). In terms of extramarital affairs which are popular nowadays in China, Thompson (1984) declared that either mere emotional or sexual involvement with someone other than ones spouse can be counted as extramarital affairs. According to Schwartz and Rutter (1998), all perspectives on gender differences in sexuality were divided into two dichotomized groups: traditional versus feminist. Traditional biosocial theories who reifying the biological distinctions between men and women, attempt to justify mens promiscuous behaviours: by maximizing the partners in order to inseminate the possible largest amount of women, men can somehow show their masculinity; whereas women would maximize their births for the purpose of holding onto the relationship. In opposition of the traditional perspectives, it is asserted by feminist perspectives that sexuality discrepancies between the genders are socially constructed. In this point of view, similar to men, women will tend to maximize their partners if the conditions allow them (ibid). 2.3 Contemporary China In Lis work (2006), she divides the present views of chastity in China into 3 categories: love-ism, utilitarianism, and hedonism. Firstly, love-ism chastity, which was first brought up during the May Forth Movement, means sex with the motivation of love. A research about the reasons of premarital sex, which organised by in 2004, mainly surveyed on the contemporary Chinese youth (age 20-30), in which most of them went to the universities. The result shows that for the women who had premarital sex experiences, 31.1% of them indicated that they did it in order to enhance the love in relationships, while 24.8% and 28.6% for the purposes of curiosity and want to keep their boyfriends respectively. Other 15.5% were claimed to have other reasons. From the research it is obvious that love-ism chastity is the mainstream concept of chastity nowadays in China (Zhou, 2006). Secondly, utilitarianism chastity is usually referred to the sex for benefits, such as the social phenomenon of prostitution and concubine (ibid). Thirdly, in regard of hedonism chastity, sex is often involved with either the physical or the psychological pleasure, or both. In the contemporary society, hedonism chastity is more likely the performance of simply physical pleasure (ibid). A recent study emphasizes that among the 40% of netizens who had experience on cyber love, nearly half of them did it on the purpose of one night stand (Xu, 2005). There are 4 main causes of the 3 categories of chastity. In the first place, the highly promotion of socialist market economy not only has vital contribution on the economy, but also in the area of politics, ideology, and morality. On one way, the commodity economy leads to the arousal of the sense of equality, which challenges the traditional idea of chastity, and women start to chase personal happiness. Therefore the love-ism chastity emerged. On another way, the commodity economy also arisen accompanied with hedonism and mammonism which directly link to the hedonism chastity and utilitarianism chastity (Zhou, 2006). Secondly, the rapid development of technologies, particularly the medical technology, popularizes the ways of contraception, and makes the abortion safer and more convenient. Hence, the concerns about illegitimate child were reduced, and eventually provide advantages for hedonistic sex. Women seemed to be the best beneficiary, which the pregnancy once was one of the most fears to have premarital sex. As a consequence, women can pay more attention on love rather than physical elements, which to some extent promote the formation of love-ism chastity (ibid). Culture aspect is probably one of the most essential factors. Although it seems that the traditional perspectives of chastity had lost its position in present society, however, in rural areas, villages in particular, it is still prevails. Moreover, the modern culture affects the modern youth in the way that they think it is their right and choice to choose their lifestyle such as cohabitation. Additionally, the Western culture such as the idea of sexual freedom and sexual liberation break the mysticism of sexuality, and attempt to achieve the sexual equality. Thus, the viewpoint of sex is changed. For the modern youth, love is not only spiritual and material, but also physical. Sex is certainly a part of love, and it aid to promote love. It is therefore nonsense to limit the sex. More importantly, it is believed by the youth that premarital sex is a positive behaviour in which it is a vital path to know a person and helping to make decisions on selecting the partner for life (ibid). Last but not least, social control gives the green light to the multiplex conceptions of chastity. For example, the Marriage Law forbids the married people cohabitate with others. Nevertheless, it is lack of the specific explanation on penalty and punishment. Laws can be such unfastened about extramarital cohabitation, do not even have to mention about premarital cohabitation and one night stand (ibid). Furthermore, in the present days, people care less about the things which not related to them, especially in the beneficial way. In this case, the shortening of social opinion looses the social psychological stress and reduces the restraint of peoples behaviour. In addition, the morality in China has change notably on the impact of the West (ibid). A relatively recent survey based on 2063 undergraduates in 18 universities in Shanghai, shows their attitudes on premarital cohabitation: 89.5% in total believe that it is understandable if the motivation is love, and it is inappropriate to over concern other peoples issues; while only 9.2% of them think that it is a moral degenerate (Xu and Wang, 2002). Methodology In order to facilitate the research and discover more information on this area, two methodologies were utilised for different purposes. Literature analysis is applied through literature reviews, aiming to find out the significance of the concept of Chinese womens chastity in Qing dynasty, since the era is too remote to be testified. In the meantime, questionnaires were set up in attempt to study the perception of womens virginity and fidelity in contemporary China. Additionally, both literature analysis and questionnaire are included in order to better understand the condition and situation of womens chastity the 20th century, mainly Republican China. The questionnaire is probably one of the most effective means to testify the hypothesis which was mentioned in the introduction, and to find out some other interesting information relevant to the topic but which is not anticipated in the early stages. Regarding to the sample of research, 140 surveys were required in total which divided by genders and generations. On one hand, 70 UNNC undergraduate students, 35 females and 35 males respectively, were selected randomly and selectively, which in the way it can represent as many opinions as possible, and reducing bias with maximum efforts (Strugis, 2008). As the attention of the questionnaire is focused on Modern China, and the university students can be considered as the representative groups of educated Chinese young people, therefore the candidates of the research are all selected among the Chinese students in UNNC. Moreover, the division of male and female represent the outside and inner factors. Apart from the self-conscious of wome n, mens attitude will affect womens understanding of chastity. Hence, it is crucial to include both of the two genders. On another hand, 70 copies of survey for parents, 35 females as well as 35 males, were sent along with the ones meant for students. It is interesting to compare and contrast the ideas on womens virginity and fidelity between the parents and their children, which they are respectively representative for the new generation that surrounded by the global environment, high-level education, widespread mass media, and developed technology; and the older generation who grew up in a period when China was relatively more closed to the outside world, and the progresses of technology and education are limited. Furthermore, the older generation may also be able to demonstrate the view of womens chastity of Republican China. Through the comparison of the two different generations can provide the possible causes that might lead to the different perspectives on womens virginity and fidelity. For the purpose of not making the candidates take too long when filling the questionnaire, the questionnaire is designed with two sections. There are 15 multiple choices and 3 open questions for UNNC girls, and 7 closed questions and 1 open question for UNNC boys. The mothers one is similar to their daughters while the fathers one is similar to their sons. Overall, parents ones contain two extra questions asking their age gap and education level, which seemed unnecessary for the UNNC students since their age gap and education level are confirmed: undergraduate. It is ensured that each survey takes no more than 15 minutes to finish it, without disturbing their study and work. According to Simmons (2008), pilot study is important with its function that it helps to refine the questionnaire. Thus, the initial samples were sent to several friends of mine before the actual distribution of the questionnaires, in order to examine the questionnaires critically with their objective points of view. As a result, some weaknesses of the original questionnaires were found. Such as the unclear instructions and questions, and some other possible option of answers that some candidates may want to choose are left out (ibid). Qualitative method was chosen in the first place, however, with the trial on few random UNNC students which I found on the High-Street, and one of the aunts who works in Canteen, I discovered their unwillingness of answering such sensitive questions, especially to a stranger. As an alternative, I chose questionnaire since it is less awkwardness to answer the questions. In the beginning, I sent the questionnaires to all UNNC undergraduates with the postscript of for Chinese Students only. Nevertheless, I found little response, and within the received questionnaires, most of them skip the sensitive questions such as are you a virgin. In order to maximise the response rate and the facticity, I managed to upload the questionnaires online, in which it is completely anonymous and make it more comfortable and more convenient for the candidates to do the surveys. Yet, there was a misgiving about the people other than UNNC undergraduates might answer the online questionnaires and eventually affect the result. As a consequence, I locked the questionnaires with password, and sent the four addresses of online questionnaires and the password to all UNNC undergraduates via email: UNNC girl, UNNC boy, their mother, and their father respectively. Also, in the email, I required the students not only to enter the relevant website, but also forward the online surveys to their parents. Additionally, the questionnaires for UNNC Undergraduates were written in English, while the ones for their parents were written in both Chinese and English. Findings and Discussions 4.1 Summary of Literature Analysis As what the literature analysis manifested, the demand of womens virginity before marriage and the fidelity after marriage was extremely strict in Qing. Due to the traditional ideology of Confucianism, women were merely one of mens properties in the patriarchal society. The popularized chastity cult played a vital role in Qing by honouring two female virtues: purity (jie), and martyrdom (lie). The former one referred to the sexual purity to one husband and the absolute lifetime fidelity to serve the in-laws; whereas, the latter one was more towards the absolute commitment to jie, which required more self-sacrifice and often end up with death. Numerous women were recorded chastity suicide during Qing. Several major causes of womens chastity will be analysed in the following paragraphs. First of all, womens chastity was significant in terms of human dignity. Majority of them felt failed of being a person after being offended even through slight harassments such as flirtation. Moreover, governmental policies highly promoted the chaste women, and severely punish the considered un-chaste women such as the women accused of adultery. In addition, social pressure and education had a great contribution as well. Finally, widows could obtain particular advantages. Social respects and family honour, for instance. Nonetheless, it is argued that the chaste suicides in Qing might have been over-emphasized. On one hand, there were a large number of women who carried on adulterous affairs without concerning their reputation. On the other hand, most rape victims did not search the path of death during the Qing era. For the women who were willing to become chaste widows after the death of their husband, monetary issues often stopped them from doing so. In order to collect enough money to liquidate the debts of the dead husband, or to finance his interment, a certain number of women accepted the remarriage. In other words, they traded themselves with the bride-price to their new husbands. Additionally, the widows with property which left by their deceased husband might be forced to take the arranged remarriage by the envy in-laws who wanted to take over the property. In the late Qing, a group of open-minded intellectuals who were influenced by the Western culture, had brought up the idea of gender equity, and defied the traditional chastity. Yet, their focuses were mainly on the campaigns of womens education and the freedom of marriage. 4.2 Questionnaire Summary The total valid responses were 79, including 33 female undergraduates, 22 male undergraduates, 13 mothers, and 11 fathers. It is a satisfactory rate of response, which reached 56%. More than half of the

Distance Learning and Black Board Essay -- essays papers

Distance Learning and Black Board Distance learning is when students take courses by using some form of communication other than face to face communication with an instructor. This type of learning has been used since as far back as the 1800’s when adults would learn handwriting by ordering lessons through the mail (Cosgrove 2002). The technology for distance learning has been progressing for some time now. Iowa State University started to offer courses through television in 1934 (Cosgrove 2002). These days we use the Internet for distance learning. Distance learning has recently become more popular and more advanced; there are now programs that can help professors organize their online classes. Online classes are a convenient and simple way to communicate to a class and even run an entire classroom without even stepping out of your office. In a study it was found that â€Å"nearly 50% of higher education institutions currently engage in sometype of online learning† (Educational p.1). A popular program that many schools and professors use is Blackboard. Matthew Pittinsky and Michael Chasen along with a student-faculty group from Cornell University developed Blackboard in 1997 (Our History p. 2). They wanted to â€Å"transform the Internet into a powerful environment for the educational experience† (Our History p.1). Blackboard now has over 500 clients who use their products (â€Å"Blackboard Timeline† p.5). If Blackboard has over 500 clients now, think about how well they will do when the technology develops more. Online classes are something that will continue to progress into the future. The Blackboard program is currently available for schools with grades K-12, Higher education, Corporate and Government businesses (Demonstrations and... ...tance Learning.† Retrieved December 1,2004. http://www.instudy.com/articles/saww6a03.htm Gottschalk, Tania H. March 5,2004. â€Å"Guide #1:Distance Education: An Overview†. Retrieved September 26,2004. http://uidaho.edu/eo/dist1.html. Shamber, Linda (1988). â€Å"Delivery Systems for Distance Education.† Eric Digest. Retrieved September 26, 2004, from Eric Digests (ED304111). Towson University. Retrieved October 3, 2004. http://wwwnew.towson.edu/facultyonline/TutorialsAndResources/. Towson Univeristy. Retrieved October 3, 2004. http://www.towson.edu/learnonline/faq.html. Towson University. Retrieved October 3,2004. http://wwwnew.towson.edu/facultyonline/tutorialsandresourses/helpsheets/ removingareasofbb/index. â€Å"Online Degrees, Online Degree Programs, and Online Universities.† Retrieved December 1,2004. http://www.online-degree-information.com/.

Technology and Older Adults Essay -- Research Age Essays

Technology and Older Adults It is commonly believed that older people are uncomfortable with new forms of technology and that they are more resistant to using technology than are younger people. This belief often places older people at a disadvantage, because designers fail to consider older people as a potential user group when designing technology, both software and hardware (Parsons, Terner, & Kersley, 1994). Another misconception is that the elderly are unable to learn new skills. Older people are frequently overlooked when opportunities for technology training or retraining are made available, however, a study of aging and cognitive abilities concluded that decreases in intelligence are modest until people reach their eighties. Even at the age of 80, fewer than half of the individuals showed measurable decreases (Holt, 1998). And still another misconception is the belief that the elderly are set in their ways, that they are not open to change or capable of creativity. Research, again, has disproved suc h claims, showing that creativity is a personality trait and does not depend upon age (Ibid.). What then has led to these public misconceptions? Part of the problem could be a trait called cautiousness. Cautiousness in older adult problem-solving is "one of the most frequently mentioned performance-limiting factors" and is described as a "hesitancy about making responses that may be incorrect" (Salthouse, 1991). The research finding is that older adults do not perform as well as younger adults because older adults do not have as much success in solving logical problems, spatial ability problems, inductive reasoning problems, or practical problems. Younger adults tend to show a better performance if the task requi... ...and cautiousness in decision: A review of the literature. Human Development, 19, pp. 220-233. Parsons, H.M., Terner, J., and Kearsley, G. (1994). Design of remote control units for seniors, Experimental Aging Research, 20, pp. 211-218. Salthouse, T. A.. (1991). Theoretical perspectives on cognitive aging, Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. White, Heidi; McConnell, Eleanor; Clipp, Elizabeth; Bynum, Louise; Teague, Carmen; Navas, Luis; Craven, Sara; and Halbrecht, Herbert. (1999). Surfing the net in later life: A review of the literature and pilot study of computer use and quality of life. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 18(3), pp. 358-378. Zeithaml, V. A. and Gilly, M. C. (1987). Characteristics affecting the acceptance of retailing technologies: A comparison of elderly and nonelderly consumers, Journal of Retailing, 63, p. 4948.

Waking up too early is unhealthy Essay -- Expository Essays

BEEP! BEEP! BEEP! BEEP! BEEP! BEEP! You’re familiar with that sound, it’s the sound of you’re alarm clock. It’s really hard for kids to wake up to the sound isn’t it? It’s not even good for them either! Yet, kids, whose appetites for sleep are the biggest, have to wake up as early as 6:00 a.m.! It’s crazy how they, the school boards, set the system up. And bus drivers, who also have to wake up quite early, might be having problems waking up. Even if they don’t, someone behind them might be and that puts the whole bus at risk! Anyways, the point is that the decision made for the school arrival time was wrong and it needs to be changed on a large scale. This means in EVERY high school. Starting school too early is not only a nuisance but it can also be very dangerous and it can have negative effects on a teen’s education. A Chicago chief of medicine states that sleep deprivation, found in many teens, can have negative affects on a teen’s mood, performance, attention, and behavior. Because teens start driving in high school, their safety in a car is also related to sleep deprivati...

Italian Renaissance: Earliest Form of the General

1. Italian Renaissance – earliest form of the general European Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy. 2. Jacob Birthmark – historian of art and culture, and an influential figure in the historiography of each field 3. Oligarchies – small group that ruled a city and its surrounding countryside 4. Conditioner – the mercenary soldier leaders (warlords) of the professional, military free companies contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy from the late middle ages and throughout the Renaissance. 5. Republic of Florence – TheRepublic of Florence, or the Florentine Republic, was a city-state that was centered on the city of Florence, located in modern Tuscany, Italy 6. Medici Family – political dynasty, banking family and later royal house that first began to gather prominence under Cosmic De' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the late 14th century. 7. Cosmic Domenici – Cosmic d id Giovanni De' Medici (27 September 1389 – 1 August 1464) was the first of the Medici political dynasty, De facto rulers of Florence 8. Lorenz Domenici – Italian statesman and De facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance 9.Duchy of Milan – constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire in northern Italy. It was created in 1395, when it included twenty-six towns and the wide rural area of the middle Pad Plain 10. Spoors family – ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan. They acquired the dukedom and Duchy of Milan from the previously ruling Viscount family 11. Republic of Venice – state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797 12. Papal States – territories in the Italian peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the Pope 13.Kingdom of the Two Sillies – largest of the Italian states before Italian unification. It was formed off union of the Spanish Bourbon Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples 14. Charles VIII – monarch of the House of Valves who ruled as King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498. He succeeded his father Louis XSL at the age of 13. 15. Giordano Savonarola – Italian Dominican friar and preacher active in Renaissance Florence, and known for his prophecies of civic glory 16. Humanism – group of philosophies and ethical perspectives which emphasize the value and agency of human beings 17.Civil Humanism – Classical republicanism is a form of republicanism developed in the Renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of classical antiquity. 18. Patriarch – Retina scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists 19. Vacation – Italian author and poet, student, and correspondent of Patriarch, an important Renaissance humanist and the author of a number of notable pieces of literature. 20. L eonardo Bruin – Italian humanist, historian and statesman. He has been called the first modern historian 21.Lorenz Villa – Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator. 2. Latin Vulgate – late 4th-century Latin translation of the Bible done by Saint Jerome. 23. Amarillo Fiction – one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance 24. Pico Della Miranda – Italian Renaissance philosopher 25. Balderdash Castigation – Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author 26. Virtue – concept theorized by Niccole ¶ Machiavelli, centered on the martial spirit and ability off population or leader 27.Johann Gutenberg – German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe 28. Quaternion – cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy are collectively referred to as the Quaternion 29. Giorgio Vassar – Italian painter, architect, writer and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects 30. Pope Alexander VI – head of the Catholic Church from 11 August 1492 to his death in 1503 31. Perspective – certain view one may have regarding an opinion or event 32.Chiaroscuro – use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition 33. Stylized faces – medieval faces in art–more stylized and generic 34. Suffuse – fine shading that produces soft, imperceptible transitions between colors and tones. It is used most often in connection with the work of Leonardo ad Vinci and his followers 35. Contrasts – Italian term that meaner countertops. It is used in the visual arts to describe a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot 36.Ghetto – Italian painter and architect from Florence in the late Middle Ages 37. Brucellosis – most famous for his discovery of pe rspective and for engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering and even ship design. 38. Lorenz Gibber – Florentine Italian artist of the Early Renaissance best known as the creator of the bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral, called by Michelangelo the â€Å"Gates of Paradise†. 39.Denotable – early Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence 40. Mosaic – first great painter of the Quaternion period of the Italian Renaissance 41. Sandra Poetical – Italian painter of the Early Renaissance 42. High Renaissance – the period representing the apogee of the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance 43. Aberrant – Italian architect, who introduced Renaissance architecture to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome 44. Leonardo Ad Vinci – Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematic ian, etc. 5. Machiavelli, The Prince – The Prince is a political treatise by the Italian diplomat, historian and political theorist 46. Cesar Boring – Italian conditioner, nobleman, politician, and cardinal. He was the son of Pope Alexander VI 47. Sack of Rome 1527 – military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States 48. Charles V- ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles l, of the Spanish Empire 49. Raphael – Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance 50.Michelangelo – Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer. 51 . El Greece – painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance 52. Northern Renaissance – Renaissance that occurred in European countries north of Italy 53. Christian Humanism – emphasizes the humanity of Jesus, his social teachings and his propensity to synthesize human spirituality and material ism 54. Erasmus – Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic rises, social critic, teacher, and theologian. 55. Thomas More – English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. 6. Franà §ois Rabble's – major French Renaissance writer, doctor, Renaissance humanist, monk and Greek scholar 57. Michel De Imitation – one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre 58. William Shakespeare – English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language 59. Miguel De Cervantes – Spanish novelist, poet, and alright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered to be the first modern European novel 60.Flemish Style – flourished from the early 15th century until the 17th century. Flanders delivered the leading painters in Northern Europe 61 . Jan Van Check – Flemish painter active in Brumes and is generally considere d one of the most significant Northern European painters 62. Peter Brushed – Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker known for his landscapes and peasant scenes 63. Albrecht Udder – German painter, engraver, printmaker, mathematician, and theorist from Murderer 64. Hans Holstein the Younger – German artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style 65.Fugues family – German family that was a historically prominent group of European bankers, members of the fifteenth and sixteenth-century 66. Christine De Paisa – Italian French late medieval author. She served as a court writer for several dukes 67. Artemisia Genteelism – Italian Baroque painter, today considered one of the most accomplished painters in the generation after Aggravating Questions: 1. What are the main characteristics of Italian Humanism? How do these compare tit earlier medieval Scholasticism? Why were Italian humanists so interested in Classical civilization? A.Stressed the superiority of ancient Greek and Roman literature, history, and politics and emphasized learning and personal and public duty. The Italians were interested in â€Å"humanism† which dealt with literature, the art of persuasion and were poetically, historically centered on standardized forms borrowed from ancient Greece and Rome. B. On one side is faith; the other side is reason. Humanism brought in the subjective elements of faith, trust and conscience while scholasticism emphasized reason. . Humanists admired classical literature, they were eager to discover lost works of ancient authors.Patriarch hunted for manuscripts and made important finds, including many of Cicerone's letters; but the early fifteenth century was the golden age for rediscovery of Latin authors. The recovery of Greek literature was even more striking. Italian humanists brought back from Constantinople hundreds of previously unknown Greek books. 2. What characteristics of Italian cities in the fifteenth century created an environment that fostered the development of Renaissance culture? A. The Italian cities had a geographical advantage that helped foster the Renaissance culture.Italy was located in an area that had many trade routes. This sparked a strong economy which could, for example, allow painters to afford supplies. 3. What political, social and economic factors caused the Renaissance? A. A decline of agriculture as the main source of revenue for majority. The production shifted to mass quantities, which was in the hand of emerging wealthy urban class. Ideologically was the church discredited and people were looking for answer why God had allowed plague, or why after centuries f relative stability, Europe fell into chaos and warfare.Church divided by Schism was unable to give satisfactory answer, and thinkers and educated elite were looking for their own thinking that was outside of approved church doctrine. Collapse of Byzantine and renewed interest in Greece culture, literature, and philosophy. The geopolitical shift from eastern Mediterranean towards more centrally located northern Italy in feudal Europe, ensured that the idea of Renaissance spread from there to the rest of the continent. 4. Analyze the impact of Renaissance humanism n the development of Italian art from 1400 to 1550. A.Due to the popularity of Renaissance humanism, many forms of art were greatly impacted. Before humanism, many artists would depict scenes of religion and mythology. After, there were mostly portraits of families and people, as well as very detailed sketches of people. It showed that the human body was already a piece of art. 5. Compare and contrast the Renaissance in Italy and the Netherlands. A. The Renaissance in the Netherlands put a greater emphasis on living a pious, simple life. Therefore, artists like Peter Frugal the elder painted pictures such as â€Å"Haymaking. It showed regular peasants carrying out their normal everyday tasks. B. The Ital ian Renaissance, on the other hand, focused more on the wealthy class (aristocracy). Paintings were elaborately detailed, and showed how wealthy and powerful people were. This was because a lot of trade was going on during the time of the Italian Renaissance, especially in the Mediterranean. Therefore, individuals were becoming very wealthy, and thus gaining political influence 6. Analyze the impact of women on the Renaissance and the impact of the Renaissance on women a.The â€Å"debate about women† allowed the topic to come up which in turn had a few women recognized for their bravery and morality. The Renaissance had virtually no help for women in women's rights movement. 7. In what ways did the role of the artist and the prestige attached to art change? Why was this so important? A. Artists had begun to make art under the funds and commission of patrons. Patrons ordered specific scenes that the artist was to create, while other oversaw he work being done. All these reques ts were done for a payment towards the artist. B.Renaissance portraits often showed human detail and portrayed more realistic images. 8. Explain how the Avignon exile, the Great Schism, and the conciliator movement contributed to the weakening of the Church and, especially, papal authority. How did the papacy's secular concerns contribute to this? A. Due to the loss of prestige and the Church's inability to keep their education system comprised and centralized, the councils that laypeople made had discussed their own education system and using it instead of the Churches; the pope had no longer intimidated the people because he got pushed around.